Echovirus
Echovirus
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET – INFECTIOUS SUBSTANCES
SECTION I – INFECTIOUS AGENT
NAME: Echovirus
SYNONYM OR CROSS REFERENCE: Enteric cytopathogenic human orphan viruses; Enterovirus; Boston exanthem disease; Echovirus 22 and Echovirus 23 renamed as human parechovirus 1 and human parechovirus 2 respectively (new type member or Parechovirus genus); Echovirus type 30 now a member of the genus Enterovirus
CHARACTERISTICS: Naked, icosahedral virion, 20-30 nm in diameter; linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA; Picornaviridae, 30 recognized Echovirus serotypes ( 1-9, 11-27, 29-30)
SECTION II – HEALTH HAZARD
PATHOGENICITY: Most infections are subclinical; clinical manifestations vary from mild to lethal and acute to chronic; associated with aseptic meningitis (mostly serotypes 2,5,6,7 and 9), muscle weakness and paralysis, exanthems and enanthems, pericarditis, myocarditis, common cold, conjunctivitis and infantile diarrhea, acute febrile respiratory illnesses
EPIDEMIOLOGY: Worldwide; peak incidence in summer and fall; outbreaks common in daycare centres
HOST RANGE: Humans
INFECTIOUS DOSE: Not known
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Fecal-oral route
INCUBATION PERIOD: Usually 2 to 14 days
COMMUNICABILITY: During the acute phase of the disease; excreted in feces for weeks after symptoms have subsided; person-to-person spread is common
SECTION III – DISSEMINATION
RESERVOIR: Humans
ZOONOSIS: None
VECTORS: None
SECTION IV – VIABILITY
DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY: No specific antivirals
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISINFECTANTS: Resistant to common disinfectants: 70% ethanol, 5% lysol, 1% quaternary ammonium compounds; inactivated by 3% formalin, 2% glutaraldehyde with prolonged treatment
PHYSICAL INACTIVATION: Inactivated by heating at 50° C for 2 hours; stable at acidic pH 3 to 5, ether stable; inactivation at environmental temperatures is inhibited by magnesium chloride
SURVIVAL OUTSIDE HOST: Relatively stable; survives at room temperature up to 3 weeks; stable (many weeks) in liquid environments, water, body fluids and sewage
SECTION V – MEDICAL
SURVEILLANCE: Monitor for symptoms; confirm serologically
FIRST AID/TREATMENT: No specific treatment
IMMUNIZATION: None available
PROPHYLAXIS: None available; clinical trials using antiviral compound pleconaril (antipicornaviral agent)
SECTION VI – LABORATORY HAZARDS
LABORATORY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS: Three cases were reported up to 1988
SOURCES/SPECIMENS: Throat swabs, stools, rectal swabs, and cerebrospinal fluid in aseptic meningitis
PRIMARY HAZARDS: Accidental parenteral inoculation; ingestion, direct contact of skin or mucous membrane with infectious cultures, body fluids, or droplets
SPECIAL HAZARDS: None
SECTION VII – RECOMMENDED PRECAUTIONS
CONTAINMENT REQUIREMENTS: Biosafety level 2 practices and containment facilities for all activities involving the virus or work with infectious body fluids or tissues
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: Laboratory coat; gloves when skin contact with infectious materials is unavoidable
OTHER PRECAUTIONS: None
SECTION VIII – HANDLING INFORMATION
SPILLS: Allow aerosols to settle; wearing protective clothing gently cover spill with absorbent paper towel and apply 3% formalin or 2% glutaraldehyde starting at the perimeter and working towards centre; allow 2 hour contact time before clean up
DISPOSAL: Decontaminate all wastes before disposal: steam sterilization, chemical disinfection, incineration
STORAGE: In sealed containers that are appropriately labelled
SECTION IX – MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
Date prepared: January, 2001
Prepared by: Office of Laboratory Security, PHAC
Although the information, opinions and recommendations contained in this Material Safety Data Sheet are compiled from sources believed to be reliable, we accept no responsibility for the accuracy, sufficiency, or reliability or for any loss or injury resulting from the use of the information. Newly discovered hazards are frequent and this information may not be completely up to date.
Copyright © Health Canada, 2001
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